Kavita Sharma, Prateek Haksar / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 1,Jan-Feb 2012,
pp.812-815
Designing of
Hybrid Power Generation System using Wind energy-
Photovoltaic
Solar energy- Solar energy with Nanoantenna
Kavita
Sharma(MTech*) Prateek Haksar (MTech*)
(Department
of electronics and communication, MITS, Laxmangarh (UGC-1956))
(Department
of electronics and communication, MEC, Bikaner(RTU))
ABSTRACT
All the
natural wastage energies are used for production
of Electricity.
Thus, the Electrical Power or Electricity is
available with
a minimum cost
and pollution free to
anywhere in the
world at all times. This process reveals a
unique step in
electricity generation and availability from
natural
resources without hampering
the ecological
balance. This
paper describes a new and
evolving
Electrical
Power Generation System by
integrating
simultaneously photovoltaic Solar Energy, solar Energy
with
Nano-antenna, Wind Energy
and non conventional
energy sources.
We can have an uninterrupted power
supply irrespective of the natural condition without any
sort of
environmental pollution. Moreover
this process
yields the least
production cost for
electricity generation.
Utilization of
lightning energy for generation of electricity
reveals a
new step. The set-up
consists of combination of
photo-voltaic
solar-cell array & Nano-anteena array,
a
mast mounted
wind generator, lead-acid storage batteries,
an
inverter unit to
convert DC power to AC
power,
electrical
lighting loads and
electrical heating loads,
several fuse
and junction boxes and associated wiring, and
test
instruments for measuring voltages,
currents, power
factors, and
harmonic contamination data throughout the
system. This
hybrid solar-wind power
generating system
will
extensively use in the
Industries and also in external
use like home
appliance.
Keywords: - Photo-voltaic,
Solar Cell, Nano-antenna, Wind
Energy,
Unrenewable Energy, Renewable Energy.
I. Introduction
The thermal
power stations are
causing extreme pollution to
our mankind
and nature. Lot of
diseases and handicapped
affect are the
fruit of these power stations.
Also natural
resources like
coal, oil, radio-active materials etc will come to
shortage stage or
an end in
near future. The other
power
generating systems
like Hydro-Electricity power generating
plant cannot
afford much power,
although it causes less
pollution.
Therefore, it needs urgent invention to go for non-
conventional energy
resources. The most popular non-
conventional power resources are solar energy power plant
which converts solar energy or solar heat to electricity [1][2].
Solar power generation system has some drawback, that is, it
cannot generate power in
cloudy or rainy
days. Therefore,
people using this solar
system have to remain
without
electricity (power) after
battery gets discharged during
the
rainy season or the
sun’s shortcomings, since
it is totally
depended on appearance of the sun in the sky [3]. Moreover, it
has very much limited
capacity and we cannot
take all
available solar
energy, because it is
urgently required in all
other fields’ also
e.g. biological body or
health care,
agriculture, chemical reactions, industries etc.
The aim of
this work is design and implementation of
a Hybrid power generation
system using wind
energy-
photovoltaic solar energy- solar energy with nano-antenna. An
Nano-antenna
electromagnetic collector
(NEC) has been
designed, prototyped, and
tested. Proof of
concept has been
validated [4]. The NEC
devices target mid-infrared
wavelengths, where conventional photovoltaic (PV) solar cells
are inefficient and where there is an abundance of solar energy
[5].
II. Energy
Resources
Energy resources are classified into two groups: primary un-
renewable and secondary-renewable resources, with respect to
change in quantitative [6].
A. Unrenewable Energy Resources
Unrenewable
energy resources are the ones that decay
partially or vanish
with the time or
needs decades for reuse,
such as oil, coal and coal derivatives, natural gas, wood and
radioactive atoms (uranium).
B. Renewable Energy Resources
Renewable
energy resources are the ones that are
persistently available
and renewing itself
with the time.
Industrialization and increasing
world population has
812
| P a g e
Kavita Sharma, Prateek Haksar / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 1,Jan-Feb 2012,
pp.812-815
remarked the
use of renewable energy resources. Solar power,
wind power,
biomass, tide power, wave power,
geothermal
power is known
ones [7].
1) Wind Power
The wind
energy is a renewable source of energy.
Wind
turbines are
used to
convert the wind power
into electric
power. Electric generator inside the turbine converts the
mechanical power
into the electric power. Wind
turbine
systems are
available ranging from 50W to 2-3 MW [8]. The
energy production
by wind turbines
depends on the wind
velocity acting
on the turbine. Wind
power is used
to feed
both energy
production and consumption
demand, and
transmission
lines in the rural areas.
It is used
to run a windmill which in
turn drives a wind
generator or
wind turbine to produce electricity. Practically it
is observed
that the flexible three blades propeller about 35 m
in diameter,
in a 60 Km/hr wind pressure with a rotation speed
of 47 rpm
produce maximum power 12 MW. For small wind
power
generation system, multiple blade type (3 to 5 number
blades)
or Darrieus type (Curved
Blade 3 to 5
numbers) is
highly suitable.
The main drawback of
this system is
that as
the wind speed
or velocity is not constant with respect to time
i.e.
fluctuating, hence the electric power thus obtained is also
not having
predetermined value i.e. varying nature. Thus, it is
better to feed
the wind electricity to the battery or any power
storage device
i.e. accumulator circuit which supply the load
accordingly,
rather directly supply to the load as shown in Fig.
1.
Fig.1. Block
Diagram of Windmill Power System
In wind power
system, the power
generation increases in
proportion to the
cube of the wind
speed. Thus it is
highly
affected in
rainy and stormy
period when the wind
speed is
formidable
to produce electricity.
This power generation
system is
pollution free pure ecologically balanced one.
2.2.2.
Photovoltaic Solar Power
Solar panels are the medium to
convert solar power into
the electrical power. Solar
panels can convert the energy
directly or
heat the water with the induced energy. PV (Photo-
voltaic) cells
are made up from semiconductor structures as in
the
computer technologies. Sun
beam is absorbed
with this
material and electrons are emitted from the atoms that they are
bounded. This release activates a current.
Photovoltaic is
known as the process between
beam absorbed and
the
electricity induced. With
a common principle and
individual
components, solar power is converted into the electric power.
The Solar Power Generation
System is planned
accordingly
Fig. 1. The solar cell array or panel consists of an appropriate
number of solar cell modules connected in series or parallel to
provide the required current and voltage.
Fig.2. Basic
Solar (Photovoltaic) System
Storage batteries as shown in Fig. 2 provide the backup power
during no sun
shine period by storing
the excess power or
some portion of power from the solar arrays. This solar power
generating system is
used for private power
consumption,
meteorological stations,
radio or TV relay
stations,
entertainment places like cinema, hotel, restaurant etc, villages
and islands.
Traditional
p-n junction solar
cells are the most
mature of the solar energy harvesting technologies. The basic
physics of energy absorption
and carrier generation
are a
function of the
materials characteristics and
corresponding
electrical properties (i.e. band gap). A photon need only have
greater energy than 2eV that of the band gap in order to excite
an electron from
the valence band into
the conduction band.
However, the solar frequency spectrum approximates a black
body spectrum at ~6000
K, and as such,
much of the solar
radiation reaching the Earth
is composed of
photons with
energies greater than
the band gap of
silicon [9] [10]. These
higher energy photons will be absorbed by the solar cell, but
the difference in energy between these photons and the silicon
band gap is converted into heat (via lattice vibrations called
phonons) rather than
into usable electrical
energy. For a
single-junction cell this sets an upper efficiency of ~20%. The
current research path of
implementing complex, multi-
junction PV designs to
overcome efficiency
limitations does
not appear to be a cost-effective solution. Even the optimized
PV materials are only operational during daylight hours and
require direct (perpendicular
to the surface) sunlight
for
optimum efficiency.
813
| P a g e
Kavita Sharma, Prateek Haksar / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com
Economical Alternative to PV
Vol. 2, Issue 1,Jan-Feb 2012, pp.812-815
by Photovoltaic cells shown
in figure in 3.
It also consist
controlling
circuit at the back side of panels [17].
We have an
alternative energy harvesting approach based
on
Nano-antennas that absorb the incident solar radiation .The
Nano-antennas target mid-infrared rays,
which the Earth
continuously
radiates as heat after absorbing energy from the
sun during the
day. In contrast, traditional solar cells can only
use visible
light, rendering them idle after
dark. Infrared
radiation is
an especially rich energy source because it also is
generated by
industrial processes such as coal-fired plants.
We have
designed Nano-antenna elements that capture
electromagnetic
energy from naturally
occurring solar
radiation and
thermal earth radiation. The size of the antenna
is relative to
the wavelength of light we intend to harvest. The
basic
theory of operation
is as follows: The incident
electromagnetic
radiation (flux) produces
a standing-wave
electrical
current in the finite antenna array structure.
Absorption of
the incoming EM radiation energy occurs at the
designed
resonant frequency of the antenna [11].
Since objects
give off heat as infrared rays,
the
nanoantennas
could collect those rays and re-emit the energy
at
harmless wavelengths. Such a
system could cool down
buildings and
computers without the external
power source
required by
air-conditioners and fans.
It also provides
designers another
mechanism to increase the efficiency of
antenna
arrays through the expansion
of the radial field.
Antennas by
themselves do not provide a means of converting
the
collected energy. This
will need to be accomplished by
associated
circuitry such as rectifiers.
The
Nano-antennas are tiny gold squares set in a
specially treated
form of polyethylene,
a material used in
plastic
bags. A Nano-antenna array capable of
collecting
power from
infrared energy that could
be harvested in any
weather (or
even at night) [12]. The cell production
process is
even supposed
to be ridiculously cheap
compared to making
standard silicon
photovoltaic cells, but, as
always, there's a
rub. The grid collects its oscillating IR energy
at ten thousand
billion times
per second, which is proving to be a challenge to
the nerds behind
the tech, who are working
on a way to
convert that
to the 50-60Hz power that the world uses
[13]
[14].
Nano-antennas,
on the other hand, can be tweaked to pick
up specific wavelengths depending
on their shape and
size.
This
flexibility would make it possible to create double-sided
nanoantenna
sheets that harvest energy from different parts of
the sun's
spectrum [15] [16].
2.2.3 Structure of Solar cell with Nano- antenna
The structure
of purposed design
consist array of Nano
antennas at
the middle part of structure and boundary covered
Fig. 3. Structure of new purpose Solar panel
Vi. Integrating power generation
system by using
wind energy- photovoltaic solar energy- solar energy
with nano-antenna
To eliminate the
above drawbacks of individual
renewable power generation system like Solar and Wind, we
design a new electricity
or power generating
system by
integrating the wind energy sources, Photovoltaic solar energy
and Solar energy
with Nano-antenna
simultaneously, so that
power supply remains
continuous without any
sort of
interruptions or load shedding.
The aim of
this work is design and implementation of
a Hybrid power generation
system using wind
energy-
photovoltaic solar energy- solar energy with Nano-antenna for
continuous (24*7) power generation.
Figure 4.
Integrated Electricity Generating System
The
Solar-Wind with Nano-antenna Power Generation
System is designed
as shown in
Fig. 4 It
has some special
equipment to charge the battery or the
power storage
(accumulator) circuit. Control
circuit ad-joint with electric
power generating system provides necessary control functions
such as adding or
summing up electric power derived
from
more than one sources
at a time i.e. solar and
wind power
simultaneously, solar with
Nanoantenna and wind power
simultaneously, over voltage
protection, amount of
electric
power directed to the
load and
the battery etc. Thus
by
implementing Solar with
Nano-antenna Wind-Lightning
Integrating Power Generation
System in a compact package,
we have an uninterrupted power supply at the minimum cost
814
| P a g e
Kavita Sharma, Prateek Haksar / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 1,Jan-Feb 2012,
pp.812-815
to all places
at all times. Moreover,
we can avoid
the
accidental
risk and
causes by lightning
to human and
nature
both. This
method ensures a highly
practical oriented
pollution free
and accident free inventory
for electric power
generation
system. The electric power afforded by this system
is completely
pure and secured form
without any sort of
environmental
pollution. Also it does not produce any
greenhouse
effect or acid rain or emit any kind of poisonous
gases or
radiation etc.
4. Experimental Results
Both modeling and
experimental measurements
demonstrate
that the individual nanoantennas can absorb close
to 90
percent of the available
in-band energy. Optimization
techniques, such
as, increasing the radial field size
could
potentially increase
this efficiency to even higher percentages.
The current
and voltage values from
the wind turbine, solar
panels,
battery group, and
load are measured in the
implemented system.
Production and consumption
of power
for each
module can be calculated. In order to allow separate
chassis, a laptop
computer which is
disconnected from the
power line is
used to record
the measurement data of the
operating
system.
VII. Conclusion And Future Work
This Integration
of renewal Energy
source will be highly
effective in
all places, especially in commercial areas
where
need of
electricity is more.
It causes no effect on nature i.e.
pollution free,
at the same time not
proneness any kind of
accident due
to lightning. It is also useful to minimize power
supply load
i.e. cut short power charge. By using this system,
we can save
electricity charge because very less maintenance
charge to this
equipment is required.
The designing of this
equipment is
done in such a way that it is very compact and
acts as user
friendly. When it is manufactured in a large scale,
cost of this
integrated natural resources power
generation
system is
affordable. Moreover there is
no power failure or
load shedding
situation at any times. Therefore, it is the most
reliable
renewable power or electricity
resources with less
expenditure.
This research
is at an intermediate stage and may
take
years to
bring to fruition
and into the market. The
advances made
by our research team have shown that some of
the early barriers
of this alternative PV concept have been
crossed and
this concept has the potential to be a
disruptive
and enabling
technology. We encourage the
scientific
community to
consider this technology
along with others
when
contemplating efforts and resources for solar energy.
References
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